Elizabethan age which century

In the 20th century T. Eliot's many essays on Elizabethan subjects were mainly concerned with Elizabethan theatre, but he also attempted to bring back long-forgotten poets to general attention, like Sir John Davies, whose cause he championed in an article in The Times Literary Supplement in republished in On Poetry and Poets, Emboldened by the passionate poetics of the Provencal troubadours, a small group of Sicilian poets in the court of Frederick II turned verses of heartfelt love into the first spiritual heartbeat of the Renaissance and the ancestral work that would explode in England during the Elizabethan and Shakespearean eras.

The Elizabethan settlement was a compromise; the Tudor pretense that the people of England were unified in belief disguised the actual fragmentation of the old consensus under the strain of change. The metaphysical poets defined and compared their subjects through nature, philosophy, love, and musings about the hereafter a great departure from the primarily religious poetry that had immediately followed the wane of the Elizabethan era.

Another major figure, Sir Philip Sidney , was an English poet, courtier and soldier, and is remembered as one of the most prominent figures of the Elizabethan Age. In many ways, the Elizabethan era more closely resembled the expressionism of the Ancient Greeks than the Sicilian and Italian Renaissance schools from which it derived its base poetry.

William Shakespeare stands out in this period both as a poet and playwright. Watching plays became very popular during the Tudor period. In terms of the entire century, the historian John Guy argues that "England was economically healthier, more expansive, and more optimistic under the Tudors " than at any time in a thousand years.

With a gift for rhythm, meter, and form, the musicians and poets created a masterful style by the 13th century. Beginning with John Dryden, the metaphysical movement was a loosely woven string of poetic works that continued through the often-bellicose 18th century, and concluded when William Blake bridged the gap between metaphysical and romantic poetry.

The majority of people were more immediately affected by the religious revolutions of the 16th century. They probably had to be strained before they could be drunk, and could still have solid matter floating in them. Ales were brewed with malt and water and were relatively flat, while beer contained hops of a bitter flavor.

Bayberries, orris, and long pepper were flavors that could be added to ales and beers for a variety of tastes. It was estimated that a person would consume about a gallon a day of weak low alcohol drinks during the Elizabethan era. The main parts of the basic diet during Elizabethan times were bread, meat, and fish. Bread was the most important component of the diet. The Upper Classes ate Manchet, a bread loaf made of wheat flour. The Lower Classes ate bread loaves of rye and barley.

Dairy products produced during Elizabethan England included milk, cream, butter and cheese. Milk was used as a beverage, and cream, curds, whey, butter and cheese was a by-product of this commodity. Strawberries and cream was a delightful treat and eggs were abundantly consumed.

Several types of cheeses were available during this era. Hard cheeses were made from skimmed milk, and soft cheeses were made from whole milk. Butter was stored in wooden barrels called firkins and was only used by the Upper Class for cooking food as all dairy products were determined inferior foods and only to be eaten by the poor. Biscuits, invented by the Crusaders were considered a convenience food during the Elizabethan era.

Communal ovens were also available in villages for baking pastries and pies with cooked roasted meat which were sold on the street to the villagers during an outing to the Theatre or a fair.

How many times a day you ate and what you ate with depended on your social class. Upper classes and nobility would eat three meals a day using glass, delft from Holland and silverware. China ware was unknown at this time. Lower classes would eat two to three meals a day using wooden or horn dishes and pewter. Everyone used their own knife, and spoons were rarely used as soup and liquids were drunk from a cup. Forks had just been introduced in the late 14th century and were still evolving around the country.

The Upper Classes would usually eat breakfast consisting of food and drink between am. Dinner was the midday meal of food and drink served between noon and 2 pm. Supper was a substantial meal of food and drink served between pm along with various forms of entertainment. The Lower Classes meals were far less elaborate than the Upper Classes and did not include entertainment during supper. This could be supplemented by some dairy products, and vegetables were the main ingredient of their soups.

Food for a Tudor soldier would consists of 2 lb. Beer in the Elizabethan era had a very low content of alcohol. The quantity and content of the food eaten by the Upper Class was considerably different form the diet of the Lower Classes. The number of courses and variety of the foods consumed by the Upper Class included expensive spices and ingredients and exotic recipes. Food varied according to season as there were no methods of freezing foods in Elizabethan England.

For economic reasons, animals were slaughtered in the fall of the year as to not have to feed them during the winter. Salt was used to preserve the meats and thus the food always had a salty taste. Methods were introduced to disguise the salty taste. Spices, including pepper, mustard, saffron, cloves, cardimon and cinnamon were added to recipes and a variety of sauces were used to disguise the salty taste.

Stews and potages formed an important element in the diet of Middle and Lower Classes. The introduction of food processing was used to soften meat and vegetables. Soaking roots, leaves, seeds, nuts and berries in cold water for several hours made the food easier to digest. Salted meats and fish were rinsed in several changes of liquid before cooking to weaken the salty taste. Pickling and smoking were also used as methods of preservation. Fresh flowers and herbs were preserved to use in flavoring winter dishes.

The preparation of preserved food took place in the Stillroom. This is where distillations, preserves and delicate floral syrups were prepared. The Stillroom was also used to prepare medicinal tinctures and herbal potions. The most important use if the Stillroom was to produce alcoholic beverages.

The Upper Class could afford to expand the use of sugar and honey as a sweetener in many Elizabethan recipes. Jams, marmalades and curds were made from a variety of fruits. Elizabethan food and drink did not constitute a good balanced diet.

The rich ate few fresh vegetables and little fresh fruit. Fruit was usually served in pies or preserved in honey. Vegetables and fresh fruit were eaten by the poor, usually in some form of stew, soup or porridge. Food items which came from the ground and dairy products were considered only fit for the poor. Because of the snobbery of eating fresh vegetables, fruits and dairy products the Upper Classes suffered from lack of Vitamin C, calcium and fiber in their diet.

This led to an assortment of health problems for those running the country. Bad teeth, skin diseases, scurvy, and rickets were just a few health problems the rich encountered. Sugar, only affordable to the rich was known to blacken teeth. It became fashionable to have your teeth blackened by applying cosmetics to get this effect if enough quantities of sugar were not available to you. Religion played an important part in the diet of the Elizabethan people.

There were certain times the eating of meat was banned. Certain religious observances banned the eating of meat on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. Meat was also banned during the religious seasons of Lent and Advent and on the eves of many religious holidays. Fasting and abstaining from meat was observed for over half the days of the year.

The Elizabethan Royalty, Nobility and Upper Classes were known throughout the country for their lavish and sumptuous banquets and feasts. New foods and spices arriving daily from the New World inspired new recipes using the finest foods and ingredients. The Royal banquets of the Elizabethan Era were the most magnificent. Cooks employed by Nobles during the Elizabethan era would endeavor to provide Queen Elizabeth with a feast or banquet of a similar standard and content set by the high standards set by the French.

An example of an Elizabethan Banquet is outlined:. The government of Elizabethan England was centralized, well organized and very efficient.

It was very much a personal monarch with ministers. She ruled and led her people for 45 years, and produced great developments and advancements for England. During her time, monarchs were rulers and not just figureheads. She was a wise and just Queen and chose the right advisers and never let herself get dominated by these advisers.

She dealt with the stubbornly resistant members of Parliament without being tyrannous, and was cleaver at compromising in both religious and political matters. Queen Elizabeth I was the sixth and last of the Tudor dynasty. The Divine Rights of Kings gave the monarch the image of being a Demigod.

The theory of the Divine Right of Kings aimed at instilling obedience by explaining why all social ranks were religiously and morally obliged to obey their government. The strong authority made going against the monarch a sin. By not obeying the queen, you could be accused of treason and sentenced to death. William Calley begins. Calley, a platoon leader in Charlie Company, 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry, 11th Infantry Brigade Light of the 23rd Americal Division, had led his men in a massacre of Vietnamese civilians, including women and children, at My During part of what would become known as the Battle of the Ia Drang Valley, a battalion from the 1st Cavalry Division is ambushed by the 8th Battalion of the North Vietnamese 66th Regiment.

The battle started several days earlier when the 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry engaged a Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox. With just 65 seconds left to play, NBC switched off the game in favor of its previously scheduled While they might not have wanted to acknowledge it, the fans of s protest folk probably owed the very existence of the movement to three guys in crew cuts and candy-striped shirts who On November 17, , the actor and former bodybuilder Arnold Schwarzenegger is sworn in as the 38th governor of California at the State Capitol in Sacramento.

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The scholars of the Renaissance who studied the cultures of ancient Greece and Rome were called Humanists. The Renaissance was accompanied by radical changes in various fields of life and formed the transition from the Middle Ages to the Modern Age. The following diagram shows the changes influencing the Elizabethan age:.

The invention of the printing press made books available to a growing audience. Literature and ideas began to spread rapidly; however, the public performance of plays was still the main method of reaching the illiterate masses. Instead of the Pope, the King or Queen became the sole authority in religious matters in England.

The Catholic monasteries were dissolved; churches were robbed of their wealth. The Reformation had consequences for the poor, for the stability of the social system and for foreign trade. Cut off from the countries of Catholic Europe — Spain, France, Germany —, England had to look for new markets and turned to overseas trade.

England, the Netherlands and France entered on their competition for colonies in Asia.